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Disease Profile

Waardenburg syndrome type 4

Prevalence
Prevalence estimates on Rare Medical Network websites are calculated based on data available from numerous sources, including US and European government statistics, the NIH, Orphanet, and published epidemiologic studies. Rare disease population data is recognized to be highly variable, and based on a wide variety of source data and methodologies, so the prevalence data on this site should be assumed to be estimated and cannot be considered to be absolutely correct.

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US Estimated

Europe Estimated

Age of onset

Neonatal

ICD-10

Q87.8

Inheritance

Autosomal dominant A pathogenic variant in only one gene copy in each cell is sufficient to cause an autosomal dominant disease.

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Autosomal recessive Pathogenic variants in both copies of each gene of the chromosome are needed to cause an autosomal recessive disease and observe the mutant phenotype.

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X-linked
dominant X-linked dominant inheritance, sometimes referred to as X-linked dominance, is a mode of genetic inheritance by which a dominant gene is carried on the X chromosome.

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X-linked
recessive Pathogenic variants in both copies of a gene on the X chromosome cause an X-linked recessive disorder.

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Mitochondrial or multigenic Mitochondrial genetic disorders can be caused by changes (mutations) in either the mitochondrial DNA or nuclear DNA that lead to dysfunction of the mitochondria and inadequate production of energy.

Multigenic or multifactor Inheritance involving many factors, of which at least one is genetic but none is of overwhelming importance, as in the causation of a disease by multiple genetic and environmental factors.

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Not applicable

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Other names (AKA)

Waardenburg-Shah syndrome; WS4; Waardenburg-Hirschsprung disease;

Categories

Congenital and Genetic Diseases; Digestive Diseases; Ear, Nose, and Throat Diseases;

Summary

Waardenburg syndrome type 4, also known as Waardenburg-Shah syndrome, is a genetic condition that can cause hearing loss; changes in coloring (pigmentation) of the hair, skin, and eyes; and Hirschsprung disease, an intestinal disorder that causes severe constipation or blockage of the intestine. Waardenburg syndrome type 4 is further divided into types 4A, 4B, and 4C based on their genetic cause. Type 4A is caused by mutations in the EDNRB gene, mutations in EDN3 cause 4B, and mutations in SOX10 cause type 4C. This condition is usually inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion; however, some cases of type 4 appear to have an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance.[1][2]

Symptoms

This table lists symptoms that people with this disease may have. For most diseases, symptoms will vary from person to person. People with the same disease may not have all the symptoms listed. This information comes from a database called the Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) . The HPO collects information on symptoms that have been described in medical resources. The HPO is updated regularly. Use the HPO ID to access more in-depth information about a symptom.

Medical Terms Other Names
Learn More:
HPO ID
80%-99% of people have these symptoms
Abnormal macular morphology
0001103
Abnormality of vision
Abnormality of sight
Vision issue

[ more ]

0000504
Constipation
0002019
Hearing impairment
Deafness
Hearing defect

[ more ]

0000365
Intestinal obstruction
Bowel obstruction
Intestinal blockage

[ more ]

0005214
30%-79% of people have these symptoms
Abdominal pain
Pain in stomach
Stomach pain

[ more ]

0002027
Olfactory lobe agenesis
Olfactory lobe absence
0001341
Prominent nasal bridge
Elevated nasal bridge
High nasal bridge
Prominent bridge of nose
Prominent nasal root
Protruding bridge of nose
Protruding nasal bridge

[ more ]

0000426
Synophrys
Monobrow
Unibrow

[ more ]

0000664
Underdeveloped nasal alae
Underdeveloped tissue around nostril
0000430
Wide nasal bridge
Broad nasal bridge
Broad nasal root
Broadened nasal bridge
Increased breadth of bridge of nose
Increased breadth of nasal bridge
Increased width of bridge of nose
Increased width of nasal bridge
Nasal bridge broad
Wide bridge of nose
Widened nasal bridge

[ more ]

0000431
5%-29% of people have these symptoms
Abnormality of retinal pigmentation
0007703
Anosmia
Lost smell
0000458
Lacrimal gland hypoplasia
Underdeveloped tear gland
0007732
Telecanthus
Corners of eye widely separated
0000506
Percent of people who have these symptoms is not available through HPO
Aganglionic megacolon
Enlarged colon lacking nerve cells
0002251
Ataxia
0001251
Autosomal dominant inheritance
0000006
Autosomal recessive inheritance
0000007
Blue irides
Blue eyes
0000635
Cryptorchidism
Undescended testes
Undescended testis

[ more ]

0000028
Global developmental delay
0001263
Heterochromia iridis
Different colored eyes
0001100
Hypogonadism
Decreased activity of gonads
0000135
Hypopigmented skin patches
Patchy loss of skin color
0001053
Leukodystrophy
0002415
Muscular hypotonia
Low or weak muscle tone
0001252
Nystagmus
Involuntary, rapid, rhythmic eye movements
0000639
Polyneuropathy
Peripheral nerve disease
0001271
Premature graying of hair
Early graying
Premature graying
Premature greying
Premature hair graying

[ more ]

0002216
Sensorineural hearing impairment
0000407
Spastic paraparesis
0002313
White eyebrow
Pale eyebrow
0002226
White eyelashes
Blonde eyelashes
Pale eyelashes

[ more ]

0002227
White forelock
White part of hair above forehead
0002211

Organizations

Support and advocacy groups can help you connect with other patients and families, and they can provide valuable services. Many develop patient-centered information and are the driving force behind research for better treatments and possible cures. They can direct you to research, resources, and services. Many organizations also have experts who serve as medical advisors or provide lists of doctors/clinics. Visit the group’s website or contact them to learn about the services they offer. Inclusion on this list is not an endorsement by GARD.

Social Networking Websites

    Organizations Providing General Support

      Learn more

      These resources provide more information about this condition or associated symptoms. The in-depth resources contain medical and scientific language that may be hard to understand. You may want to review these resources with a medical professional.

      In-Depth Information

      • Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders. Each entry has a summary of related medical articles. It is meant for health care professionals and researchers. OMIM is maintained by Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. 
        Waardenburg syndrome type 4A
        Waardenburg syndrome type 4B
        Waardenburg syndrome type 4C
      • Orphanet is a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Access to this database is free of charge.
      • PubMed is a searchable database of medical literature and lists journal articles that discuss Waardenburg syndrome type 4. Click on the link to view a sample search on this topic.

        References

        1. Waardenburg syndrome. Genetics Home Reference (GHR). April 2006; https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/waardenburg-syndrome.
        2. Waardenburg syndrome, type 4A; WS4A. Online Mendelian Inheritance of Man. 2010; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/277580. Accessed 4/18/2011.